The Cold War

From the IB Syllabus, material for detailed study:

10. The Cold War and the Americas 1945-1981
This section focuses on the development and impact of the Cold War on the region. Most of the second
half of the 20th century was dominated by the global conflict of the Cold War. Within the Americas, some
countries were closely allied to the United States and some took sides reluctantly. Many remained neutral
or sought to avoid involvement in Cold War struggles. A few, influenced by the Cuban Revolution, instituted
socialist governments. No nation, however, escaped the pressures of the Cold War, which had a significant
impact on the domestic and foreign policies of the countries of the region.
• Truman: containment and its implications for the Americas; the rise of McCarthyism and its effects on
domestic and foreign policies of the United States; the Cold War and its impact on society and culture
• Korean War and the United States and the Americas: reasons for participation; military developments;
diplomatic and political outcomes
• Eisenhower and Dulles: New Look and its application; characteristics and reasons for the policy;
repercussions for the region
• United States’ involvement in Vietnam: the reasons for, and nature of, the involvement at different
stages; domestic effects and the end of the war
• United States’ foreign policies from Kennedy to Carter: the characteristics of, and reasons for, policies;
implications for the region: Kennedy’s Alliance for Progress; Nixon’s covert operations and Chile;
Carter’s quest for human rights and the Panama Canal Treaty
• Cold War in either Canada or one Latin American country: reasons for foreign and domestic policies
and their implementation

Definition of Collective Bargaining

It is a process of negotiations between employers and a group of employees aimed at reaching agreements that regulate working conditions

The Great Depression

7. The Great Depression and the Americas 1929-39
This section focuses on the nature of the Depression as well as the different solutions adopted by
governments in the region and the impact on these societies. The Great Depression produced the most
serious economic collapse in the history of the Americas. It affected every country in the region and brought
about the need to rethink economic and political systems. The alternatives that were offered and the
adaptations that took place marked a watershed in political and economic development in many countries
in the region.
With respect to the last two bullets, a case study approach should be adopted, using one country from
the region as an example. The chosen country should be identified in the introduction to the examination
answers.
• The Great Depression: political and economic causes in the Americas
• Nature and efficacy of solutions in the United States: Hoover; Franklin D Roosevelt and the New Deal;
critics of the New Deal
• Canada: Mackenzie King and RB Bennett
• Latin America’s responses to the Depression: either G Vargas or the Concordancia in Argentina; Import
Substitution Industrialization (ISI) or any relevant case study of a Latin American country
• Impact of the Great Depression on society: African Americans, women, minorities
• The Great Depression and the arts: photography, the movie industry, the radio, literary currents

Test Question

Due on Tuesday, October 1:

How effective was the Mexican Revolution in achieving its goals?

Please cite your sources.

Venustiano Carranza

Homework for 9/23:

What reforms did Carranza put into place?

Could he be considered the Father of the Mexican Revolution?

Art in the Mexican Revolution

Read the following submission:

http://edsitement.neh.gov/feature/mexican-revolution-november-20th-1910


And answer the following questions:

1) Name two books that were written during this time and discuss their impact on the Revolution.

2) How did the Revolution impact the music of Mexico?

3) Name two muralists other than Khalo and Rivera.

Mexican Constitution of 1917: Article 123

http://www.utm.utoronto.ca/~w3his/D-1917-Constitution.Mexico.reader.pdf

zedillo.presidencia.gob.mx/welcome/PAGES/culture/note_5feb.html

Article 123 formulates labor and social security laws. This article applies to day laborers, artisans and domestic servants. The article defines the minimum labor age (14 years of age),  maximum work hours (8 hours per day), maximum night shift duration (7 hours), minimum wages requiring equal pay for equal work regardless of sex or nationality, as well as a mandatory maternal leave "in the month following childbirth"  and avoidance of strenuous work activities "In the three months prior to childbirth"(Article 123 section A-5). During the nursing period,.mothers are required to have 2 periods of rest during work hours to nurse children The article prohibits dangerous work activities to be performed by women and minor under 16 years of age. The article outlines work environment for the agricultural, industrial and mining enterprises. It also offers insurance for disability, involuntary work stoppage, accidents, and more. Workers are required to have one day of rest per six days of work. Workers and employers are allowed to form unions to defend their interests.

Article 123 is significant because it defined Mexico's labor laws and defended workers rights as well as defining who is allowed to work. There was neither gender nor racial discrimination of work and pay. 123 was the only article that allowed workers to create unions and defend their interests. The article also established a mandatory rest day during the work week, equal pay for equal work, and compensation for any work-related accidents or incidents.

Article 123 was passed unanimously.

Mexican Constitution Article 130

The federal powers shall exercise the supervision required by law in

matters relating to religious worship and outward ecclesiastical forms. Other

authorities shall act as auxiliaries of the Federation. Congress cannot enact laws establishing or prohibiting any religion.

Marriage is a civil contract. This and other acts of a civil nature concerning

persons are within the exclusive competence

of civil officials and authorities, in the

manner prescribed by law, and shall have the force and validity defined by said

law.

A simple promise to tell the truth and to fulfill obligations that are contracted

is binding on the one who so promises, and in the event of failure to do so, he shall

be subject to the penalties that the law prescribes for this purpose.

The law does not recognize any personality in religious groups called

churches.

Ministers of denominations shall be considered as persons who practice a

profession and shall be directly subject to the laws enacted on such matters.

Only the legislatures of the States shall have the power to determine the

maximum number of ministers of denominations necessary for local needs.

To practice the ministry of any denomination in the United Mexican States it

is necessary to be a Mexican by birth.

Ministers of denominations may never, in a public or private meeting

constituting an assembly, or in acts of worship or religious propaganda, criticize the

fundamental laws of the country or the authorities of the Government, specifically

or generally. They shall not have an active or passive vote nor the right to form

associations for religious purposes.

Permission to dedicate new places of worship open to the public must be

obtained from the Secretariat of Government, with previous consent of the

government of the State. There must be in every church building a representative

who is responsible to the authorities for compliance with the laws on religious

worship in such building, and for the objects pertaining to the worship.

The representative of each church building, jointly with ten other residents

of the vicinity, shall inform the municipal authorities immediately who is the person

in charge of the church in question. Any change of ministry must be reported by the

departing minister in person, accompanied by the new incumbent and ten other

residents. The municipal authority, under penalty of removal from office and a fine

of up to one thousand pesos for each violation, shall see that this provision is

complied with; under the same penalty, he shall keep one registry book of church

buildings and another of the representatives in charge. The municipal authority

shall give notice to the Secretariat of Government, through the governor of the

State, of every permit to open a new church building to the public, or of any

changes among representatives in charge. Donations in the form of movable

objects shall be kept in the interior of church buildings.

No privilege shall be granted or confirmed, nor shall any other step be taken

which has for its purpose the validation in official courses of study, of courses

pursued in establishments devoted to the professional training of ministers of

religion. Any authority who violates this provision shall be criminally liable, and the

privilege or step referred to shall be void and shall thereby cause the voidance of

the professional degree for the attainment of which the violation of this provision

was made.

Periodical publications of a religious character, whether they be such

because of their program, title, or merely because of their general tendencies, may

not comment on national political matters or public information on acts of the

authorities of the country or of private persons directly related to the functioning of

public institutions .

The formation of any kind of political group, the name of which contains any

word or indication whatever that it is related to any religious denomination, is

strictly prohibited. Meetings of a political character may not be held in places of

worship.

A minister of any denomination may not himself or through an intermediary

inherit or receive any real property o

occupied by any association for religious

propaganda or for religious or charitable purposes. Ministers of denominations are

legally incapacitated as testamentary heirs of ministers of the same denomination

or of any private person who is not related to them within the fourth degree.

The acquisition by private parties of personal or real property owned by the

clergy or by religious organizations shall be governed by Article 27 of this Constitution. Trials for violation of the above provisions shall never be heard before a jury.

Summary:

Basically it said church and state were separated. Churches still have to obey the law. Also, the government cannot intervene in the internal affairs of any religious associations. Religious ministers cannot hold public offices; They have the right to vote but cannot be elected. Ministers cannot join together for political purposes, and cannot oppose laws of Nation or it's institution. political group with names or symbols relating to religions is prohibited, and politicians cannot hold meetings in churches or temples church ministers and their families cannot inherit a will from their followers. Law confers powers and duties on civil matters to federal, state, and local authorities. Religious leaders may never in public or private criticize the government, religious leaders may not comment on national political matters related to the functions of public institutions. Property owned by religious leaders shall be governed by Article 27. Furthermore, trials for any violations of Article 130 shall NEVER be heard. before a jury.
 
Why is it Important:
This article is important because it reduces the power of the church in Mexico.

Mexican Constitution 1917: Article 3

Article 3 of the Mexican Constitution of 1917 states that the education imparted by the federal state shall be designed to develop harmoniously all the faculties of the human being and shall foster in him at the same time a love of country and a consciousness of international solidarity, in independence and justice.
   I. Freedom of religious beliefs being guaranteed by Article 24, the standard which shall guide such education shall be maintained entirely apart from any religious doctrine and, based on the results of scientific progress, shall strive against ignorance and its effects, servitudes, fanaticism, and prejudices. Moreover:
        a.It shall be democratic, considering democracy not only as a legal structure and a political regimen, but as a system of life founded on a constant economic, social, and cultural betterment of the people;
        b.It shall be national insofar as -- without hostility or exclusiveness -it shall achieve the understanding of our problems, the utilization of our resources, the defense of our political independence, the assurance of our economic independence, and the continuity and growth of our culture; and
        c.It shall contribute to better human relationships, not only with the elements which it contributes toward strengthening and at the same time inculcating, together with respect for the dignity of the person and the integrity of the family, the conviction of the general interest of society, but also by the care which it devotes to the ideals of brotherhood and equality of rights of all men, avoiding privileges of race, creed, class, sex, or persons. 

   II. Private persons may engage in education of all kinds and grades. But as regards elementary, secondary, and normal education (and that of any kind or grade designed for laborers and farm workers) they must previously obtain, in every case, the express authorization of the public power. Such authorization may be refused or revoked by decisions against which there can be no judicial proceedings or recourse.

  III. Private institutions devoted to education of the kinds and grades specified in the preceding section must be without exception in conformity with the provisions of sections I and II of the first paragraph of this article and must also be in harmony with official plans and programs.

  IV. Religious corporations, ministers of religion, stock companies which exclusively or predominantly engage in educational activities, and associations or companies devoted to propagation of any religious creed shall not in any way participate in institutions giving elementary, secondary and normal education and education for laborers or field workers.

  V. The State may in its discretion withdraw at any time the recognition of official validity of studies conducted in private institutions.

  VI. Elementary education shall be compulsory.

 VII. All education given by the State shall be free. 

 VIII. The Congress of the Union, with a view to unifying and coordinating education throughout the Republic, shall issue the necessary laws for dividing the social function of education among the Federation, the States and the Municipalities, for fixing the appropriate financial allocations for this public service and for establishing the penalties applicable to officials who do not comply with or enforce the pertinent provisions, as well as the penalties applicable to all those who infringe such provisions.

SUMMARY:
Free education should be provided for the public.  It is devoted to scientific progress and cultural growth.  Therefore, receiving education will not be limited by any prejudices.  Such education is kept apart from any religious or financial affiliations with private entities.  However, all private education institutions can exist, but must receive approval from the federal government.

WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?
Education is the foundation for a functioning society.  Proper education will lead to economic, cultural, and technological advancements.  Additionally, it promotes democracy due to its guarantee of equality and with its main points emphasizing economic, social, and cultural betterment of the people.  Education is also no longer provided and run by the Church.  As a result, the role of the Church in society, outside of religious ceremonies, is severely limited.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/mexico/1917-Constitution.htm

Article 27

Ownership of the lands and waters within the boundaries of the national territory is vested originally in the Nation, which has had, and has, the right to
transmit title thereof to private persons, thereby constituting private property.
Private property shall not be expropriated except for reasons of public use and subject to payment of indemnity.
The Nation shall at all times have the right to impose on private property such limitations as the public interest may demand, as well as the right to regulate the
utilization of natural resources which are susceptible of appropriation, in order to conserve them and to ensure a more equitable distribution of public wealth. With this
end in view, necessary measures shall be taken to divide up large landed estates; to develop small landed holdings in operation; to create new agricultural centers,
with necessary lands and waters; to encourage agriculture in general and to prevent the destruction of natural resources, and to protect property from damage to the
detriment of society. Centers of population which at present either have no lands or water or which do not possess them in sufficient quantities for the needs of their
inhabitants, shall be entitled to grants thereof, which shall be taken from adjacent properties, the rights of small landed holdings in operation being respected at all
times.
In the Nation is vested the direct ownership of all natural resources of the continental shelf and the submarine shelf of the islands; of all minerals or substances, which
in veins, ledges, masses or ore pockets, form deposits of a nature distinct from the components of the earth itself, such as the minerals from which industrial metals
and metalloids are extracted; deposits of precious stones, rock-salt and the deposits of salt formed by sea water; products derived from the decomposition of rocks,
when subterranean works are required for their extraction; mineral or organic deposits of materials susceptible of utilization as fertilizers; solid mineral fuels; petroleum
and all solid, liquid, and gaseous hydrocarbons; and the space above the national territory to the extent and within the terms fixed by international law.(6)
In the Nation is likewise vested the ownership of the waters of the territorial seas, within the limits and terms fixed by international law; inland marine waters; those of
lagoons and estuaries permanently or intermittently connected with the sea; those of natural, inland lakes which are directly connected with streams having a constant
flow; those of rivers and their direct or indirect tributaries from the point in their source where the first permanent, intermittent, or torrential waters begin, to their
mouth in the sea, or a lake, lagoon, or estuary forming a part of the public domain; those of constant or intermittent streams and their direct or indirect tributaries,
whenever the bed of the stream, throughout the whole or a part of its length, serves as a boundary of the national territory or of two federal divisions, or if it flows
from one federal division to another or crosses the boundary line of the Republic; those of lakes, lagoons, or estuaries whose basins, zones, or shores are crossed by
the boundary lines of two or more divisions or by the boundary line of the Republic and a neighboring country or when the shoreline serves as the boundary between
two federal divisions or of the Republic and a neighboring country; those of springs that issue from beaches, maritime areas, the beds, basins, or shores of lakes,
lagoons, or estuaries in the national domain; and waters extracted from mines and the channels, beds, or shores of interior lakes and streams in an area fixed by law.
Underground waters may be brought to the surface by artificial works and utilized by the surface owner, but if the public interest so requires or use by others is
affected, the Federal Executive may regulate its extraction and utilization, and even establish prohibited areas, the same as may be done with other waters in the
public domain. Any other waters not included in the foregoing enumeration shall be considered an integral part of the property through which they flow or in which
they are deposited, but if they are located in two or more properties, their utilization shall bedeemed a matter of public use, and shall be subject to laws enacted by
the States.(7)
In those cases to which the two preceding paragraphs refer, ownership by the Nation is inalienable and imprescriptible, and the exploitation, use, or appropriation of
the resources concerned, by private persons or by companies organized according to Mexican laws, may not be undertaken except through concessions granted by
the Federal Executive, in accordance with rules and conditions established by law. The legal rules relating to the working or exploitation of the minerals and
substances referred to in the fourth paragraph shall govern the execution and proofs of what is carried out or should be carried out after they go into effect,
independent of the date of granting the concessions, and their nonobservance will be grounds for cancellation thereof. The Federal Government has the power to
establish national reserves and to abolish them. The declarations pertaining thereto shall be made by the Executive in those cases and conditions prescribed by law. In
the case of petroleum, and solid, liquid, or gaseous hydrocarbons no concessions or contracts will be granted nor may those that have been granted continue, and the
Nation shall carry out the exploitation of these products, in accordance with the provisions indicated in the respective regulatory law.(8)
It is exclusively a function of the general Nation to conduct, transform, distribute, and supply electric power which is to be used for public service. No concessions
for this purpose will be granted to private persons and the Nation will make use of the property and natural resources which are required for these ends.(9) (Note: A
transitory provision of the amendment adding the foregoing paragraph to Article 27 states:
"A regulatory law shall establish the rules to which concessions granted prior to the enactment of the present law (amendment) shall be subject".)
Legal capacity to acquire ownership of lands and waters of the Nation shall be governed by the following provisions:
   I.Only Mexicans by birth or naturalization and Mexican companies have the right to acquire ownership of lands, waters, and their appurtenances, or to obtain
     concessions for the exploitation of mines or of waters. The State may grant the same right to foreigners, provided they agree before the Ministry of Foreign
     Relations to consider themselves as nationals in respect to such property, and bind themselves not to invoke the protection of their governments in matters
     relating thereto; under penalty, in case of noncompliance with this agreement, of forfeiture of the property acquired to the Nation. Under no circumstances may
     foreigners acquire direct ownership of lands or waters within a zone of one hundred kilometers along the frontiers and of fifty kilometers along the shores of the
     country.
     The State, in accordance with its internal public interests and with principles of reciprocity, may in the discretion of the Secretariat of Foreign Affairs authorize
     foreign states to acquire, at the permanent sites of the Federal Powers, private ownership of real property necessary for the direct services of their embassies
     or legations.(10)
   II.Religious institutions known as churches, regardless of creed, may in no case acquire, hold, or administer real property or hold mortgages thereon; such
     property held at present either directly or through an intermediary shall revert to the Nation, any person whosoever being authorized to denounce any property
     so held. Presumptive evidence shall be sufficient to declare the denunciation well founded. Places of public worship are the property of the Nation, as
     represented by the Federal Government, which shall determine which of them may continue to be devoted to their present purposes. Bishoprics, rectories,
     seminaries, asylums, and schools belonging to religious orders, convents, or any other buildings built or intended for the administration, propagation, or
     teaching of a religious creed shall at once become the property of the Nation by inherent right, to be used exclusively for the public services of the Federal or
     State Governments, within their respective jurisdictions. All places of public worship hereafter erected shall be the property of the Nation.
  III.Public or private charitable institutions for the rendering of assistance to the needy, for scientific research, the diffusion of knowledge, mutual aid to members,
     or for any other lawful purpose, may not acquire more real property than actually needed for their purpose and immediately and directly devoted thereto; but
     they may acquire, hold, or administer mortgages on real property provided the term thereof does not exceed ten years. Under no circumstances may
     institutions of this kind be under the patronage, direction, administration, charge, or supervision of religious orders or institutions, or of ministers of any religious
     sect or of their followers, even though the former or the latter may not be in active service.
  IV.Commercial stock companies may not acquire, hold, or administer rural properties. Companies of this kind that are organized to operate any manufacturing,
     mining, or petroleum industry or for any other purpose that is not agricultural, may acquire, hold, or administer lands only of an area that is strictly necessary for
     their buildings or services, and this area shall be fixed in each particular case by the Federal or State Executive.
  V.Banks duly authorized to operate in accordance with the laws on credit institutions may hold mortgages on urban and rural property in conformity with the
     provisions of such laws but they may not own or administer more real property than is actually necessary for their direct purpose.
  VI.With the exception of the corporate entities referred to in clauses III, IV, and V hereof, and the centers of population which by law or in fact possess a
     communal status or centers that have received grants or restitutions or have been organized as centers of agricultural population, no other civil corporate entity
     may hold or administer real property or hold mortgages thereon, with the sole exception of the buildings intended immediately and directly for the purposes of
     the institution. The States, the Federal District, and the Territories, and all Municipalities in the Republic, shall have full legal capacity to acquire and hold all the
     real property needed to render public services.
     The federal and state laws, within their respective jurisdictions, shall determine in what cases the occupation of private property shall be considered to be of
     public utility; and in accordance with such laws, the administrative authorities shall issue the respective declaration. The amount fixed as compensation for the
     expropriated property shall be based on the value recorded in assessment or tax offices for tax purposes, whether this value had been declared by the owner
     or tacitly accepted by him by having paid taxes on that basis. The increased or decreased value of such private property due to improvements or depreciation
     which occurred after such assessment is the only portion of the value that shall be subject to the decision of experts and judicial proceedings. This same
     procedure shall be followed in the case of property whose value is not recorded in the tax offices.
     The exercise of actions pertaining to the Nation by virtue of the provisions of this article shall be made effective by judicial procedure, but during these
     proceedings and by order of the proper courts, which must render a decision within a maximum of one month, the administrative authorities shall proceed
     without delay to occupy, administer, auction, or sell the lands and waters in question and all their appurtenances, and in no case may the acts of such
     authorities be set aside until a final decision has been rendered.
 VII.(11)The centers of population which, by law or in fact, possess a communal status shall have legal capacity to enjoy common possession of the lands, forests,
     and waters belonging to them or which have been or may be restored to them.
     All questions, regardless of their origin, concerning the boundaries of communal lands, which are now pending or that may arise hereafter between two or
     more centers of population, are matters of federal jurisdiction. The Federal Executive shall take cognizance of such controversies and propose a solution to the
     interested parties. If the latter agree thereto, the proposal of the Executive shall take full effect as a final decision and shall be irrevocable; should they not be in
     conformity, the party or parties may appeal to the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation, without prejudice to immediate enforcement of the presidential
     proposal.
     The law shall specify the brief procedure to which the settling of such controversies shall conform.
 VIII.The following are declared null and void:
        a.All transfers of the lands, waters, and forests of villages, rancherías, groups, or communities made by local officials (jefes políticos), state governors,
          or other local authorities in violation of the provisions of the Law of June 25, 1856, and other related laws and rulings.
        b.All concessions, deals or sales of lands, waters, and forests made by the Secretariat of Development, the Secretariat of Finance, or any other federal
          authority from December 1, 1876 to date, which encroach upon or illegally occupy communal lands (ejidos), lands allotted in common, or lands of any
          other kind belonging to villages, rancherias, groups or communities, and centers of population.
        c.All survey or demarcation-of-boundary proceedings, transfers, alienations, or auction sales effected during the period of time referred to in the
          preceding sub-clause, by companies, judges, or other federal or state authorities entailing encroachments on or illegal occupation of the lands, waters, or
          forests of communal holdings (ejidos), lands held in common, or other holdings belonging to centers of population.
     The sole exception to the aforesaid nullification shall be the lands to which title has been granted in allotments made in conformity with the Law of June 25,
     1856, held by persons in their own name for more than ten years and having an area of not more than fifty hectares.
  IX.Divisions or allotments of land among the inhabitants of a given center of population which, although apparently legitimate are not so, due to a mistake or
     defect, may be annulled at the request of three fourths of the residents holding one fourth so divided, or one fourth of such residents holding three fourths of the
     lands.
  X.Centers of population which lack communal lands (ejidos) or which are unable to have them restored to them due to lack of titles, impossibility of
     identification, or because they had been legally transferred, shall be granted sufficient lands and waters to constitute them, in accordance with the needs of the
     population; but in no case shall they fail to be granted the area needed, and for this purpose the land needed shall be expropriated, at the expense of the
     Federal Government, to be taken from lands adjoining the villages in question.
     The area or individual unit of the grant shall hereafter be not less than ten hectares of moist or irrigated land, or in default of such land its equivalent in other
     types of land in accordance with the third paragraph of section XV of this article.(12)
  XI.For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this article and of regulating laws that may be enacted, the following are established:
        a.A direct agency of the Federal Executive entrusted with the application and enforcement of the agrarian laws;
        b.An advisory board composed of five persons to be appointed by the President of the Republic and who shall perform the functions specified in the
          organic laws;
        c.A mixed commission composed of an equal number of representatives of the Federal Government, the local governments, and a representative of the
          peasants, to be appointed in the manner set forth in the respective regulating law, to function in each State, Territory, and the Federal District, with the
          powers and duties set forth in the organic and regulatory laws;
        d.Private executive committees for each of the centers of population that are concerned with agrarian cases;
        e.A communal office (comisariado ejidal) for each of the centers of population that possess communal lands (ejidos).
 XII.Petitions for a restitution or grant of lands or waters shall be submitted directly to the state and territorial governors.
     The governors shall refer the petitions to the mixed commissions, which shall study the cases during a fixed period of time and render a report; the State
     governors shall approve or modify the report of the mixed commission and issue orders that immediate possession be given to areas which they deem proper.
     The case shall then be turned over to the Federal Executive for decision.
     Whenever the governors fail to comply with the provisions of the preceding paragraph, within the peremptory period of time fixed by law, the report of the
     mixed commission shall be deemed rejected and the case shall be referred immediately to the Federal Executive.
     Inversely, whenever a mixed commission fails to render a report during the peremptory time limit, the Governor shall be empowered to grant possession of the
     area of land he deems appropriate.
 XIII.The agency of the Executive and the Agrarian Advisory Board shall report on the approval, rectification, or modification of the reports submitted by the mixed
     commissions, containing the changes made therein by the local governments, and so notify the President of the Republic, who as the supreme agrarian authority
     will render a decision.
XIV.Landowners affected by decisions granting or restoring communal lands and waters to villages, or who may be affected by future decisions, shall have no
     ordinary legal right or recourse and cannot institute amparo proceedings.
     Persons affected by such decisions shall have solely the right to apply to the Federal Government for payment of the corresponding indemnity. This right must
     be exercised by the interested parties within one year counting from the date of publication of the respective resolution in the Diario Oficial. After this period
     has elapsed, no claim is admissible.
     Owners or occupants of agricultural or stockraising properties in operation who have been issued or to whom there may be issued in the future certificates of
     non-affectability may institute amparo proceedings against any illegal deprivation or agrarian claims on their lands or water.(13)
 XV.The mixed commissions, the local governments and any other authorities charged with agrarian proceedings cannot in any case affect small agricultural or
     livestock properties in operation and they shall incur liability for violations of the Constitution if they make grants which affect them.
     Small agricultural property is that which does not exceed one hundred hectares of first-class moist or irrigated land or its equivalent in other classes of land,
     under cultivation.
     To determine this equivalence one hectare of irrigated land shall be computed as two hectares of seasonal land; as four of good quality pasturage (agostadero)
     and as eight as monte (scrub land) or arid pasturage.
     Also to be considered as small holdings are areas not exceeding two hundred hectares of seasonal lands or pasturage susceptible of cultivation; or one
     hundred fifty hectares of land used for cotton growing if irrigated from fluvial canals or by pumping; or three hundred, under cultivation, when used for growing
     bananas, sugar cane, coffee, henequen, rubber, coconuts, grapes, olives, quinine, vanilla, cacao, or fruit trees.
     Small holdings for stockraising are lands not exceeding the area necessary to maintain up to five hundred head of cattle (ganado mayor) or their equivalent in
     smaller animals (ganado menor - sheep, goats, pigs) under provisions of law, in accordance with the forage capacity of the lands.
     Whenever, due to irrigation or drainage works or any other works executed by the owners or occupants of a small holding to whom a certificate of
     non-affectability has been issued, the quality of the land is improved for agricultural or stockraising operations, such holding shall not be subject to agrarian
     appropriation even if, by virtue of the improvements made, the maximums indicated in this section are lowered, provided that the requirements fixed by law are
     met.
XVI.Lands which are subject to individual adjudication must be partitioned precisely at the time the presidential order is executed, according to regulatory laws.
XVII.The Federal Congress and the State Legislature, within their respective jurisdictions, shall enact laws to fix the maximum area of rural property, and to carry
     out the subdivision of the excess lands, in accordance with the following bases:
        a.In each State, Territory, or the Federal District, there shall be fixed a maximum area of land of which a single individual or legally constituted society
          may be the owner.
        b.The excess over the fixed area shall be subdivided by the owner within the time fixed by the local law, and these parcels shall be offered for sale under
          terms approved by the governments, in accordance with the aforementioned laws.
        c.If the owner should oppose the subdivision, it shall be carried out by the local government, by expropriation.
        d.The value of the parcels shall be paid by annual installments which will amortize principal and interest, at an interest rate not exceeding 3% per annum.
        e.Owners shall be required to receive bonds of the local Agrarian Debt to guarantee payment for the property expropriated. For this purpose, the Federal
          Congress shall enact a law empowering the States to create their Agrarian Debt.
        f.No subdivision can be sanctioned which fails to satisfy the agrarian needs of neighboring settlements (poblados inmediatos). Whenever subdivision
          projects are to be executed, the agrarian claims must be settled within a fixed period.
        g.Local laws shall organize the family patrimony, determining what property shall constitute it, on the basis that it shall be inalienable and shall not be
          subject to attachment or encumbrance of any kind.
XVIII.All contracts and concessions made by former Governments since the year 1876, which have resulted in the monopolization of lands, waters, and natural
     resources of the Nation, by a single person or company, are declared subject to revision, and the Executive of the Union is empowered to declare them void
     whenever they involve serious prejudice to the public interest.

Labor Day

One of the themes in history is that of the working man and his/her experience.  Yesterday was the country's Labor Day holiday which is designed to commemorate the efforts of organized labor, or Labor Unions in the country.  In the early 1900s there were a number of incidents where Labor Unions were targeted for violence by companies and even the US government.  Haymarket Square, Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, Coeur d'Alene, Monagh, WV were all sites of notable violence or tragedies that occurred to workers.

All of this leads us to a question of, "Are Labor Unions still needed today?"  This is a question that many people disagree on and is a constant debate.

One view:

http://www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2011/02/why-we-need-unions

Another View:

http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2011/02/27/do-we-still-need-unions-no.html

The Mexican Revolution 1910-1940

6. The Mexican Revolution 1910-40
This section focuses on the causes, course and impact of the Mexican Revolution that occurred in a country
that had experienced a lengthy period of political stability and economic growth. The socio-economic
composition of revolutionary leadership was varied, as were the aims. The revolution was prolonged and
costly. The Constitution of 1917 has been described as the most progressive constitution created at this time
in the region. It had significant influence on the political developments of the country and the area. The
revolution impacted greatly on the arts, arguably representing the earliest and most enduring attempt to
overcome racial divisions and incorporate the Indian heritage into the national identity.
• Causes ofthe Mexican Revolution:social, economic andpolitical;the role ofthe Porfiriato regime
• The revolution and itsleaders (1910-17): ideologies, aims and methods of Madero, Villa, Zapata,
Carranza; achievements and failures; Constitution of 1917: nature and application
• Construction ofthe post-revolutionary state (1920-38):Obregón,Calles and the Maximato; challenges;
assessment of their impact in the post-revolutionary state
• LázaroCárdenas and the renewal ofthe revolution (1939-40): aims, methods and achievements
• The role of foreign powers(especially the United States) in the outbreak and development of the
Mexican Revolution; motivations, methods of intervention and contributions
• Impact of the revolution on the arts, education and music (suitable examples could be Siqueiros,
Rivera, Orozco); the impact of Vasconcelos’ educational re

Here is a timeline of the Mexican Revolution:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Timeline_of_the_Mexican_Revolution

Key Terms/People:
Porfirio Diaz
Francisco Madero
Pancho Villa
Emiliano Zapata
subsoil rights
development
Plan de San Luis Potosi
Plan de Ayala

HW: Sept. 3:
1) What positive impact did Porfirio Diaz have in Mexico?
2) What did Madero accomplish as President?
3) What were the main objectives of Emiliano Zapata?


The United States and Germany involvement in the Mexican Revolution


Political cartoons;

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11787556


Check this out:  Ejidos
http://jg.socialsciences.manchester.ac.uk/Peasants/mexican_land_reform.html

HW 9/5/2013:  Was Pancho Villa a hero or a criminal?  Why?

HW 9/9/2013:

http://www.biography.com/people/emiliano-zapata-9540356

Evaluate the following statement: "Emiliano Zapata Deserves the title of "Father of the Mexican Revolution""

Reading for class:

http://www2.ups.edu/faculty/jlago/fl380/source3_02.htm

US Foreign Policy 1890-1930

Imperialism and Trade:
               Turner's Frontier Thesis, Imperialists
                Monroe Doctrine
Spanish-American War
                Spanish Colonization
                Weyler http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeriano_Weyler,_1st_Duke_of_Rub%C3%AD
                William R. Hearst
                Yellow Journalism
                USS Maine

A Man A Plan a canal, Panama
http://panamacanalconflict.wordpress.com/panama-revolution/

Big Stick Diplomacy
   Roosevelt Corollary
Dollar Diplomacy
   http://millercenter.org/president/taft/essays/biography/5

https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/taft2.htm

Moral Diplomacy (Wilson)
Good Neighbor Policy

http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?action=read&artid=682
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy
http://cubaninsider.blogspot.com/2012/12/a-fascinating-peek-at-cuba-from-1492.html

Read This:
http://www.liceogrigoletti.it/docenti/doc16/files/Kipling.pdf

A couple of paragraphs on:

Jose Marti
Emilio Aguinaldo

8/19/2013
Homework;  Read these articles about Wilson's Moral Diplomacy and Taft's Dollar Diplomacy and write a 2-3 paragraph compare/contrast of them.
http://millercenter.org/president/wilson/essays/biography/5
https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/taft2.htm


8/21/2013

Pick a Central American Nation (Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, El, Salvador, Guatemala)
and evaluate their experience under Big Stick and Dollar Diplomacy.

8/23/2013:
Read the following

http://www.teachpeace.com/teachpeacemoment9.htm

and

http://voices.yahoo.com/woodrow-wilson-defeat-treaty-versailles-3735490.html



TEST: Thursday August 29, Topics will be US Foreign Policy 1898-1939.


5. Emergence of the Americas in global affairs 1880-1929
This section focuses on modernization in the region, and its impact on foreign policy. It explores the
involvement of the nations in the First World War. Modernization shaped the new nations and its effects
created the basis for a major shift in the foreign policies of the region. By the end of the century, for example,
the United States played a more active role in world affairs, and in the affairs of Latin America in particular,
thus transforming inter-American relations. When the First World War broke out in Europe, several American
countries were involved in the conflict. When the war ended, its impact was felt in the economic, social and
foreign policies of the participating countries.
• United States’ expansionist foreign policies:political, economic,social and ideological reasons
• Spanish–American War: causes and effects(1898)
• United States’ foreign policies: the Big Stick; Dollar Diplomacy; Moral Diplomacy; applications and
impact on the region
• United States and the First World War: from neutrality to involvement; reasons for US entry into the
First World War; Wilson’s peace ideals and the struggle for ratification of the Versailles Treaty in the
United States; significance of the war for the United States’ hemispheric status
• Involvement and participation of either Canada or one Latin American country in the First World War:
reasons for and/or against participation; nature of participation
• Impact of the First WorldWar on two countries of the Americas: economic, political, social, and foreign
policies

News Article

Here is a link to a news article that we will be evaluating in class.  What are some items that the article does not address?  What is some information we will need to know?

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-23596312

Welcome

Hello students and welcome to the IBH History of the Americas class.  We will use this site as a class notebook, study guide and discussion venue for the topics that we will need to examine before the end of the year, by the time for May's IB exams this site should be full of information to help you succeed.  This site will require your participation and contributions and thus will only be as good as you make it.